biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development

When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. How we acquire gender identity. Theories that suggest that gender identity development is universal across cultures (e.g., Eastern versus Western cultures, etc.) Full-text available. They focus on the ways in which children attend to and then process and organise this information, and have in common a justifiable emphasis on the active role of children in shaping their own development; they are not simply passive respondents to stereotyped information that is imposed upon them. Biological perspective states that gender is based on the two biological factors; that is the chromosomes and hormones which explains why boys and girls are born with distinctive sexual organs . it is supported by many studies, such as Thompson (1975) and Munroe et al (1984), A weakness of this theory is that the theory is simply descriptive rather than explanatory. The model, formulated by Kohlberg, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven. 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . Ultimately, Freud theorized that an individuals psychosomatic distress (physical symptoms that occur due to psychological distress) was a manifestation of internal conflicts. Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. Prior to birth, a mother's diet and health play a key role. Martin and Halverson's (1981) gender-schema theory focuses on the ways that gender schemas organize, bias, and regulate thinking, attention, and behavior. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed how gender role attitudes develop during adolescence. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we focus on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. Social learning and cognitive theories suggest that because environmental and cultural cues help form gender self-conceptions and schemas, individuals with autism - who may be less receptive to such cues, or less accepting of gender constructs - may be more likely to experience gender variance. It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors, such as hormones. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. We will discuss a few of those briefly but will focus more on major concepts and generally accepted processes. Sometimes referred to as the Electra Complex, Freud theorized that girls were upset and distressed that they had no penis (referred to as penis envy) and resented their mother for this. Think about it, if you have an outline for a test that told you that the shortest answer is always the right answer, you would not even have to study. The influence of nutrition on child development can be seen in areas such as physical and cognitive health. They found that the majority of children recalled photos displaying stereotypical gendered behaviours more accurately than photos displaying unconventional behaviours. is called basic evil. Some studies support this theory, such as a 1993 study by Liben and Signorella in which 106 predominantly white children were shown stereotypical images of behaviours alongside neutral and non-stereotypical images. focuses on how our unconscious thoughts and drives influence our behaviour. who suggested that our gender identities develop in a series of atges between the ages of 2 and 7? For example, they may talk to daughters more about emotions and have more empathic conversations, whereas they may have more knowledge and science-based conversations with boys (Bussey, 2014). Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. She noted that ones family can strongly influence their development (or lack thereof) of this complex. In that case, we must base our theories on the assumption that gender identity is a cognitive concept. They are more likely to avoid STEM-focused classes, whereas boys seek out STEM classes (more frequently than girls). Gender constancy includes multiple parts. However, in adolescence, they become more rigid again. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. Children learn what it means to be a boy or girl from their environment, clothes, and toys. How can cognitive theories of gender development be applied? However, recent studies suggest that 10% of registrants (in a national study) that were exposed to DES reported identifying as transgender or transsexual. Biological influences include. Fourth is declarative procedural learning. Horney developed a Neo-Freudian theory of personality development that recognized some points of Freuds theory as acceptable, but also criticized his theory as being overly biased toward the male. Which of these theories are NOT cognitive theories of gender development? Parents even respond to a child differently, based on their gender. The more we see it, the more it becomes a part of our socialization. Many studies used to support this theory are based on interviews with young children, which increases the likelihood of demand characteristics. When observing a parent reading a book to their child, Gelman, Taylor, & Nguyen (2004) noted that parents used generic expressions that generalized one outcome/trait to all individuals of a gender, during the story. By ten months, infants can associate certain objects with . Boys are more gender-typed and fathers place more focus on this (Bvunzawabaya, 2017). When was the gender schema theory developed? During puberty (between the ages of 10 and 16), young people experience another surge of hormones. This is learning essentially done through motor practice. When we use our cognitive abilities to create things, such as tools, we change our environment. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. How do children develop schemas? Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. For example, Most girls dont like trucks. Essentially, parents provided extra commentary in the story, and that commentary tended to include vast generalizations about gender. What is the difference in the cognitive development of boys and girls? What parents talk to their children about is different based on gender as well. As children get older, peers become increasingly influential. Third is nondeclarative motor learning, which heavily involves the cerebellum. The three major theories of gender are known as the Learning Theory, The Social Learning Theory, and the Cognitive Development Theory. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. Biological factors include genetic influences, brain chemistry, hormone levels, nutrition, and gender. While modeling in social learning explains some things, it does not explain everything. By identifying with their in-group, usually consisting of people with similar gender identities, children take on gender characteristics and develop their gender expression and their idea of belonging to their in-group. Social behavior that reflects varying degrees of aggression, dominance, dependency and gentleness. Aug 2022. Although we are focusing on the negative, think about what could happen if we saw a shift in that focus! One must have an ability to label their own identity, which is known as gender identity. They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. Finally, we will end by taking a brief, but important, glance at various biologically based theories of gender development. Gender identity: refers to an individual's sense of their gender. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. So, if shown a doll, they will then look at a photograph of a girl, rather than a boy, for longer (when shown photographs of both a boy and girl side by side). what is a weakness of the gender schema theory. This results in the individual identifying with the same-sex parent, and adopting that parents behaviors, roles, etc. When parents approach more gender-equal or neutral interactions, research shows positive outcomes (Bussey, 2014). In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. The biological approach to gender suggests that our gender identities are based on biology. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. How do Martin and Halverson believe that gender develops? Once a child can label their own gender, they begin to apply schemas to themselves. Just as there are biological influences on gender development, there are also social influences on gender development. When testosterone is present, the male sex organs begin to develop, and the hypothalamus changes so that, Initially developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930, the, Freud proposes that children develop their. Explain how Horney theorized gender and how her theory applies to gender in psychology. Conservation is a child's cognitive ability to understand that even when a person's or object's appearances change, more stable properties such as mass and quantity do not change. We can use our knowledge of different approaches to evaluate the ones we are focusing on and see which approach best explains the various elements of a particular topic. So, gender schemas make it easier to make decisions in the moment, regarding gendered behavior. The book establishes a new cognitive theory of style and creativity in design and 4.3.1. Thus, a gender schema is an outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender. Even Disney movies tend to portray stereotyped roles for gender, often having a female in distress that needs to be saved by a male hero; although Disney has made some attempts to show women as more independent and assertive in more characters. 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Gender identity appears to be established by around age three and gender constancy somewhere between the ages of five and seven. Schemas are abstract cognitive structures, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. Give examples that support your conclusion. We will then take a very detailed look at various factors that impact gender socialization while also uncovering two common social theories social learning theory and social cognitive theory. what is one concept that children learn as they mature through kohlberg's stages? Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. What is the focus of cognitive approaches? As children develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm expectations. The problem with his theory is children begin to recognize gender and model gender behaviors before they have the cognitive capacity for gender constancy (remember all that we learned about how infants show gender-based knowledge?). This desire then leads to a strong fear that his father will ultimately castrate him due to his attraction to his mother, which is known as castration anxiety. Again, you can see, very clearly, that there is an underlying assumption that healthy development equals heterosexuality, which is a major criticism of Freuds theory (Sammons, n.d.). As such, the groups that formed tended to be kin and shared similar DNA. According to Kohlbergs theory of gender development, what do children develop at the age of three? We then become models for others as well! Children between 3 to 6 months can form distinctions between male and female faces. Social cognitive theories of gender development explain and theorize that development is dually influenced by (1) biology and (2) the environment. Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010) state that cognition involves the ability to take in information, process it, store it, and finally retrieve and use it (pg. This approach is based on cases where there is a discrepancy between biological sex and gender identity. Similar to boys, the development of the superego allows the girl to resolve this conflict. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. These infants are then raised as girls, but often become gender nonconforming. They recognise how important of a role gender plays in society. We then jumped into social-based theories of social learning theory and social-cognitive theory. Additionally . In two studies, children had difficulty remembering nontraditional and opposite-sex stimuli even when given additional interpretations (e.g. This chapter is meant to provide the reader with information on the psychological, social, cognitive, and spiritual aspects of aging. what were kohlberg's stages of gender development and when do they occur? For example, say a little girl is playing with a truck and her peers laugh at her. Overall, teachers place less emphasis on girls academic accomplishments and focus more on their cooperation, cleanliness, obedience, and quiet/passive play. Fig. Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. There are many factors that may lead to the patterns we see in gender socialization.
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