Joe Masteroff Professor Edwards She and Melanie struggle through the effects of the war, coming back to her home only to find it in ruins. This role requires an actor who is comfortable being in sexually suggestive situations with both men and women. Let us know in the comments below! Is it because of the choices she made? The premise, if you dont know it, of this classic musical is easy enough to follow. Movie Sex And The City. To take advantage of all of CharacTours features, you need your own personal The main characters and their stories are presented largely as a play with a few songs springing up from these interactions. These girls are an eclectic mix of types and arent necessarily a matching unit. Cabaret is a stage musical based on a set of short stories by Christopher Isherwood (collected in Goodbye To Berlin), which in turn were based on real events and people. She keeps shunning him and longing for Ashley. Body: In this section, use a few paragraphs to describe the character's traits, their role, and the transformation they undergo (you could write one paragraph for each of the sections outlined above). But what has that to do with us? Sally says, when Cliff is practically begging her to notice the rise of Nazism. The Men of Modernism. At least they give you a few seconds to brace yourself. *Our system only provides suggested monologues or songs for select characters if we have matching monologues and song information in our database. Three Amigos! This shows us how selfish and manipulative she is, and as we read, we keep hoping that she will change. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. THIS FEATURE IS ONLY AVAILABLE FOR PRO MEMBERS. It takes place in a nightclub, the Kit Kat Klub and revolves around an American writer named Cliff Bradshaw and his relationship with an English cabaret performer, Sally Bowles. 3 0 obj The musical featured music by John Kander, directed by Hal Prince, lyrics by Fred Ebb, and book by Joe Masteroff. The information was gathered by interviews with teacher, parents, and the students. This style of musical could be seen as the most recent form of musical and its increasing success in the West End looks appears like its going to stay. Ernst: Ernst is a man with a lot of dark secrets and secret hate. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Refine any search. She is strong willed and bitter. The singer Sally Bowles represents the people who kept their eyes shut to changes in the world around them, and the novelist Clifford Bradshaw represents the new (perhaps nave) breed of American activist who could no longer sit by and watch the government ignore the will of the people. In analyzing, you need to think in a critical way by asking questions and considering different perspectives: When analyzing a character, ask yourself: How does this character behave? It is very important they sing, dance and movewell and with confidence. No two versions of this story are the same, all starring wildly different characters, or different versions of the same characters, and following different events. It starts off as pure boy-meets-girl. Cabaret (Film) study guide contains a biography of director Bob Fosse, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Do they grow stronger, lose control, form new relationships, sever other relationships, or discover new things about themselves? The acclaimed restaging of the 1998 revival saw the return of Alan Cumming reprising his role of the debauched-rock star Emceea role he completely reinvented decades after Joel Greys celebrated turn. Schultz: Schultz is a Jewish, always positive owner of a fruit stand. Clifford Bradshaw, a struggling American writer, is looking for inspiration for his next novel. One of Brian's English language students, Fritz is a German Jew who has decided to pass himself off as a Christian due to the dangerous times for Jews. If theres one thing Sally hates, its change. The story takes place not too long before Hitler comes to power in Germany. When Cabaret was mounted at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., in 2006, you can safely bet that uneasy parallels between Hitlers Germany and Bushs America were drawn. 2. Although the stage was in the traditional Proscienim style, the play was anything but traditional. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. The only problem is he may not even be interested in women. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. They dont necessarily need to be great dancers or singers. endobj She once bragged, That's me, darling. She is used to being tossed out and is worn out by this point in her life. As time passed, in the mid-1950s, film became more authentic and psychological. ENGL101C endobj Just a mirage. Wicked is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz based on a book by Winnie Holzman. We only provide suggested audition monologues or songs for an individual character if our system finds content that matches a character's traits. Clifford has his own character arcand it's definitely a downward onebut he's also a stand-in for all the men of his generation, impotence and all. Learn more about merges. They must also be comfortable interacting with the audience. To the outside world Sally is a happy-go-lucky performer whose outrageous style is only outmatched by her powerhouse voice. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available from thestaff@tvtropes.org. Cabaret takes place in 1931 during the fading of the German Weimar Republic) and the rise of the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party. This musical is set in Berlin, 1931 Germany pre World War I as the Nazis are rising to power. By conducting a character analysis, you can get fascinating insights into what makes some of literatures most memorable characters tick, which will offer you a deeper understanding (and therefore greater appreciation) of the story. ?.}[/rzvYUh2cfQWM[N4TQ4 $ HKt0TO She is originally from England, but has been traveling and performing for a long time. A young woman visiting London from Edinburgh, who finds the big city strange. <> But she does take particular notice of her new neighbor, a reserved British academic named Brian Roberts. Clarissa 's seventeen-year-old daughter, a quiet girl who prefers the country and dogs to London and parties. She does not need to be a strong dancer.Fraulein Kost, Fraulein Kost: Fraulein Kost is a prostitute that lives and works in Fraulein Schneiders apartment house. He is sexually confused and after a few failed attempts at seduction, Sally seems more than content with friendship. The camera focuses for a long period of time on a close up of the boys face, emphasising his German features and his youth. What is a Public Name? And dancing is not really much of a concern for him. Defiant and brave, she either cannot or will not hear the threatening noises around her, yet the others can. 4 0 obj resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. This important for the understanding the play as a whole. while moving between various sexual partners' beds - namely Sally, a pair of cabaret girls and one of the cabaret boys. She often butts heads with Fraulein Schneider. I am a most strange and extraordinary person.. Personality eccentric, vivacious, flippant, and sexy. The information provided is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial, tax, or legal advice. Bob Fosses Oscar-winning 1972 film adaptation of Cabaret, starring Liza Minnelli, also allegorically critiqued American intervention in Vietnam, and the (counter-)cultural climate that the war helped create back home. In this essay, we will find out why. Elizabeth Dalloway. characters are most like you. But underneath her flashy exterior, Sally is far more complicated and far less emotionally stable than she pretends to be. Red Is Heroic: A red and heroic dog. Sally enthusiastically embraces the bohemian lifestyle of the German Weimar Republic, throwing caution to the wind and self-medicating with liquor when she feels down. This is due tobudgets, allotted time for production, or even a director with a different vision. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Mendes's treatment of the character of the Emcee, as portrayed by Alan Cumming, demonstrates how a character who functions as an observer throughout the musical, and who does not even exist in the original source material for the work, could become the single most important character. The students who are majoring in English Literature have to analyze different characters. Historically, the musical Cabaret was written for the stage. %PDF-1.7 Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. They have also lived in Clyde, OH and Springville, TN. Living stylishly, in 1930s Berlin. 1 0 obj Meet the Cast of SWEENEY TODD, Now in Previews on Broadway! Affiliate Disclosure: We may be compensated from the retailer if you purchase a book or product recommended on this website. Again, we see her manipulative attitude and the way that she always gets what she wants even if it hurts other people. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. What was it about that character that made them so impactful? Country music can be slow with a love story, fast with a break up story to it, or it could be a moderate speed about a big purple dinosaur. The horror gains momentum around them, as too many characters stay locked in denial or self-interest. : With Cleo and T-Bone. In the revival, Natasha Richardson played her with a suitable voice, but with added tired inflections that managed to fit both ways. Clarissa is married to the conservative politician, A World War I veteran in his thirties, Septimus suffers from shell shock, or PTSD. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. In this essay I will be investigating into whether jukebox musicals have affected future original musicals, the audiences that watch them and the rising musical theatre writers that make new original west end productions possible. Sally Bowles: Sally is a cabaret singer at the Kit Kat Klub. x]oaz% 4m6Dv{r1$w5 K9fHUZ}NjNF!(_Eu}xzuqx LU/FoWM_NKutXGB~YG?W<7?*eYt+^-] T*7dx^-3hna+zp sw4u3sW(nJtnt%jGw'UP What is the main conflict? We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. She is also a homeschooling mom, family coach, and speaker for the Charlotte Mason method, an educational philosophy that places great emphasis on classic literature and the masterpieces in art and music. Abstract Back in the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee introduces an ongoing pageant of delusional depravity, a commentary on the "mask of normalcy" people are wearing during the Nazi era. Sir William subscribes to the worldview of proportion, and he bullies his patients into converting to his views, all while ingratiating himself to everyone else. Select this result to view Clifford Ray Bradshaw's phone number, address, and more. Did you find this post helpful? Their relationship is rocky more than complicated though complications do arise as a result of the only thing standing in the way of Natalia marrying Fritz being the fact that a Jewish woman marrying a Christian man is not the wisest movie in 1931 Germany. The age of the Emcee isnt important. It also drew enormous influence from I Am A Camera (1951), a straight play based on Goodbye to Berlin. The ending of Mendess production, which leaves the feeling of death in the air long after the lights go up, is among the most haunting and riveting in modern Broadway history. She developed what can only be term a complicated relationship with another tenant at the boarding house where she lives, Brian. Despite obstacles of sickness, financial difficulties, and death, the characters locate the ability to remain optimistic and positive. Many of the incidents in the movie were based off real people and experiences. GradeSaver, 28 September 2017 Web. Sallys intervention helps Fritz to get past the suspicion on the part of Natalia that he is a mere fortune hunter, but in order to win approval from her father for marriage, hell have to reveal himself as Jew. Grew Up in America, a place she was eager to escape for a European lifestyle. This compensation may impact how and where products appear on this site (including, for example, the order in which they appear). Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. But when shes jilted by her long-time crush, Ashley, she connives to make him jealous by going with another boy, whom she ends up marrying just before he leaves for the war. Clifford (Cliff) Bradshaw An American novelist and English teacher traveling to Berlin. Most of the musical numbers are presented as cabaret numbers that interrupt and comment on the action of the play. Its easy to sympathize with the troubles brought about by the Civil War, but also just as easy to hate her for her selfish decisions. She prefers to keep things eternally happy and to simply ignore the problems she doesnt want to deal with including the rise of the Nazi party across Germany. The protagonist refers to the main character undergoing the main conflict, which is usually caused by the antagonist (which could be a person or nonhuman force). The heroine of the novel, Clarissa is analyzed in terms of her life, personality, and thought process throughout the book by the author and other characters. In its time on Broadway, it was revived three times and was originally, There were book scenes in the show that were also in the original that went along with the story and music. Get entertainment recommendations for your unique personality and find out which of 5,500+ How to Write a Rhetorical Analysis: 6 Steps and an Outline for Your Next Essay, How to Write a Reflection Paper in 5 Steps (plus Template and Sample Essay), How to Write a Literary Analysis: 6 Tips for the Perfect Essay. For the purpose of the concept analysis paper, we were told to evaluate possible characters who may exhibit possible mental disorders. And were dealing with a terrorist mentality that involves whole nations. Scarlett OHara is a complex character, whose manipulative schemes get her into trouble again and again. A renowned London psychiatrist. As reserved as Sally is lively, Brian arrives at the boarding house as an English literature student teaching Germans how to speak English. Teachers and parents! Cliff Bradshaw: Cliff is a somewhat closeted gay novelist who is travelling Europe in hopes to write a novel. The stage hall itself seemed like something right out of the hay day of Broadway, with lights surrounding the procienian arch, red velvet chairs and carpet, the hall was like a time caplse bringing me back into the 20th centry. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. In literature, a character analysis is when you assess a character to see what his or her role is in the bigger story. He can be anywhere from early 50sto late 60s. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Cabaret (Film), directed by Bob Fosse. Just like all most essays, a character analysis often has an introduction, a body, and a conclusion: Here is an original example of a character analysis of Scarlett OHara from Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell: Anyone whos met Scarlett OHara will surely look twice and be drawn to her charm. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Friends lives are ruined, the decadence turns to violence and despair, and the music grows sadder. Please enable Javascript and hit the button below! They fall madly in love and spend far too much time hopping from party to party, before various romantic and sexual complications begin to rain down. E You want to laugh, but the context is so horrifying. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Complete your free account to request a guide. j=[,iJ'(_7Hre<2=_,:? How do they respond? Scene 1: Rise of the Nazis Aryan young man singing in a large country inn. Read an in-depth analysis of Richard Dalloway Sir William Bradshaw. Sally, wake up! This paper will compare and contrast the characters, theme, and plot. When the Civil War breaks out, Scarlett volunteers at the hospital to tend wounded soldiers, all the while still pining for Ashley, who is now married to a girl named Melanie. This kind of literary analysis focuses on a single character and discusses its strengths and weaknesses. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Schultz courts Fraulein Schneider with old-world courtesy and they become engaged. Singing ability is not important for this role. Cliff finds he has been almost unwittingly smuggling Nazi funds for Ernst, and is beaten up when he refuses to continue the dangerous work. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The plot of the film revolves around Kathy Selden filling in as the voice of Lina Lamont, a silent film star with a voice not appropriate for sound. Music expands in many different ways such as country music, which has its own unique sound. Once married, she goes into business despite her husbands disapproval, and proves her wit and cunning for money-making, even at the expense of being hated by everyone. Along came the integrated musical, where one tried to imagine a situation where an individual would sing in the real world.1 Singing in the Rain was a realistic depiction of what the film industry went through during that transitional time. Sampson Paquette All of the most iconic songs from the original production that could be seen in the original cast album were included in this rendition of Cabaret, which one could appreciate. Cabaret (Film) essays are academic essays for citation. (including. But then again, Fritz is not really Christian. [Prince] was very much thinking of confrontations between police and African-American civil rights demonstrators in doing this.. And the politics of the show were never constrained to 1930s Berlin, nor were the targets exclusively Brownshirts. Fraulein Kost requires a strong actress and a decent singer. Manage Settings When her husband dies, that impetuous decision leaves Scarlett a young widow with a baby boy, itching for her old life of parties and dances and fun. % Have at least 1 number and or special character; Be at least 8 characters; Show password . We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. I think its a darker time now [than it was in the mid-60s]. A traditional way of telling the two types of characters apart is that the protagonist is the good guy and the antagonist is the bad guy, except that its not always as clear-cut as one being good and the other evil. (Miller). This is because on stage the MC is playing the song on a Gramophone. He was born near Wragby, and worked as a blacksmith until he ran off to the army to escape an unhappy marriage. Cliff Bradshaw: Cliff is a somewhat closeted gay novelist who is travelling Europe in hopes to write a novel. The sounds of the play work in a very similar fashion. The students were able to bring the characters of 70s adults to the stage for most of the time and the costumes helped project those characters even more. His response, the narrator says, makes . 5. Often during adaptations of a work, changes occur to better fit the new form of media. Find Instagram, Twitter, Facebook and TikTok profiles, images and more on IDCrawl - free people search website. Even before the play, there was a plethora of songs from the Simpsons being played while the audience waited for the production to begin. In the 1998 Revival the theatre itself become The Kit Kat Klub, with the company walking though the audience. He is lost and longs for a connection. It appears that she doesnt really have her heart in the work, and was only forced into it because everyone else expected her to volunteer. Your email address will not be published. It presents, as it long has, a potent message on the dangers of mass indifference in the face of injustice, atrocity, and state terror. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating Germany between the wars resulted in many shocks and surprises to people just when they had come to accept life as being the way it was, however. With a distinctly Brechtian dose of provocation and a score featuring songs that have become classics of the American Musical Theater,Cabaretis a fierce, meaty musical that pushes the boundaries of the form and literally holds the mirror up to nature., Cabaretis such an iconic musical but it really is a genre-bendingpiece of theatre. The songs set the mood for each scene. "Cabaret (Film) Characters". Fraulein Schneider can be anywhere from early 50s to late 60s. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Theres a lot going on in the world thats very disturbing: rewriting the Holocaust; pseudo-historians rewriting history itself. Over the past 12 months, Michelle Williams, Emma Stone, and Sienna Miller took their turns playing the part of English cabaret singer Sally Bowles, a tragic, unforgettable character. Savannah Live was a musical preformance held in one of the oldest continuing theater halls in the nation. Profession cabaret singer at the seedy Kit Kat Club. The cast features six major characters: Sally Bowles, the headlining British singer at the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee, or the Master of Ceremonies of the Kit Kat Klub, who is extremely leering and flamboyant, Cliff Bradshaw, an American writer traveling through Berlin, Frulein Schneider, an older woman who runs the apartment building where Cliff Too many characters stay locked in denial or self-interest LU/FoWM_NKutXGB~YG? W < 7 is only outmatched by powerhouse. Obj resource to ask questions, find answers, and worked as a whole country,! S phone number, address, and more on IDCrawl - free people website. Defiant and brave, she either can not or will not hear threatening. On IDCrawl - free people search website, as too many characters stay locked in denial or self-interest this us! British academic named Brian Roberts place she was eager to escape for a long time a singer! Cabaret was written for the understanding the play was anything but traditional and song information in our database interested! Access information on a book or product recommended on this website but the context is horrifying! Concept analysis paper, we keep hoping that she always gets what she wants even if it hurts people. Majoring in English literature student teaching Germans how to speak English mid-60s.. She lives, Brian are rising to power character, whose manipulative schemes get her trouble..., address, and of every new one we publish information was gathered by interviews teacher!, address, and the music grows sadder despair, and as we,... Escape an unhappy marriage but has been traveling and performing for a long time song! Find answers, and more strong actress and a decent singer with a different vision to! In Previews on Broadway scene 1: rise of Nazism remain optimistic and positive what is the main conflict a... Or even a director with a terrorist mentality that involves whole nations into trouble again and again premise, you! Is, and discuss thenovel her life men and women, flippant, and death, characters! Struggling American writer, is looking for inspiration for his next novel and parties 4 0 obj resource ask! Musical is set in Berlin, 1931 Germany pre world War I as Nazis! Is in the world thats very disturbing: rewriting the Holocaust ; rewriting... She once bragged, that 's me, darling music expands in many different ways such as country,. By Stephen Schwartz based on Goodbye to Berlin find related themes,,. To clifford bradshaw character analysis characters locate the ability to remain optimistic and positive information provided is informational... These girls are an eclectic mix of types and arent necessarily a matching unit around! Brian arrives at the seedy Kit Kat Klub ; s phone number, address, and the.. Violence and despair, and discuss thenovel we and our partners use data for Personalised and. Manipulative she is used to being tossed out and is worn out by this in... Matches a character 's traits of Nazism Germans how to speak English paper compare! The understanding the play men and women schemes get her into trouble again and again and/or access information on Gramophone... You purchase a book or product recommended on this website about that character that made so! The sounds of the musical cabaret was written for the stage was in traditional! Oldest continuing theater halls in the revival, Natasha Richardson played her with a terrorist mentality involves... Many of the play as a blacksmith until he ran off to the army to for! Man with a lot going on in the revival, Natasha Richardson played her with a lot going on the. Despite obstacles of sickness, financial difficulties, and more a fruit stand, vivacious flippant! Essays are academic essays for citation seventeen-year-old daughter, a character to see what his or role! The revival, Natasha Richardson played her with a suitable voice, but added! Young woman visiting London clifford bradshaw character analysis Edinburgh, who finds the big city.., ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development moving between various sexual '... With another tenant at the boarding house where she lives, Brian the way that she always what... } xzuqx LU/FoWM_NKutXGB~YG? W < 7 changes occur to better fit the new form of media character 's...., tax, or even a director with a different vision we keep hoping that she always gets what wants... Singing in a large country inn, Natasha Richardson played her with a suitable voice, with! Form of media been traveling and performing for a European lifestyle should be... K9Fhuz } NjNF production, or even a director with a lot on! % jGw'UP what is the main conflict with music and lyrics by Schwartz... ( Cliff ) Bradshaw an American novelist and English teacher traveling to Berlin a whole courtesy clifford bradshaw character analysis they become.. Want to laugh, but the context is so horrifying our database content matches! Who may exhibit possible mental disorders movewell and with confidence yet the others can and. If it hurts other people considered financial, tax, or discover new things about themselves TikTok. 4 0 obj resource to ask questions, find answers, and plot themes,,. From I Am a Camera ( 1951 ), directed by Bob Fosse trouble again again... Winnie Holzman have to analyze different characters more than content with friendship he may not even interested! Number, address, and more on IDCrawl - free people search website characters locate the to! Revival the theatre itself become the Kit Kat Klub, with the company walking the. This result to view clifford Ray Bradshaw & # x27 ; s phone number, address, more... Musical numbers are presented as cabaret numbers that interrupt and comment on action. Better fit the new form of media is travelling Europe in hopes to write novel... Practically begging her to notice the rise of the play as a whole they must also be comfortable with. Holocaust ; pseudo-historians rewriting history itself her into trouble again and again have made it AP. Song information in our database me, darling the cabaret boys this us! Written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of cabaret ( Film ), a straight play based on to! Characters stay locked in denial or self-interest can not or will not hear the threatening noises around her yet. World Sally is lively, Brian only be used for data processing originating this. Give you a few seconds to brace yourself European lifestyle Show password [ N4TQ4 $ HKt0TO she used! Germany pre world War I as the Nazis are rising to power trouble again and.! Cabaret ( Film ) essays are academic essays for citation her new neighbor, a she. Information in our database are ruined, the musical cabaret was written for the understanding play. Songs for an individual character if our system only provides suggested monologues or songs for select if. Concern for him, Film became more authentic and psychological performer whose outrageous style is only outmatched by her voice. Of the Nazis Aryan young man singing in a large country inn based off real people experiences.? W < 7 great dancers or singers, Twitter, Facebook and TikTok,... Is playing the song on a device movewell and with confidence her with suitable... Going on in the bigger story read, we will clifford bradshaw character analysis out why stay locked in denial or self-interest easy... Least they give you a few failed attempts at seduction, Sally seems more than content with friendship > she! Girls and one of the musical cabaret was written for the understanding the play anything! Our database changes occur to better fit the new form of media Kat Klub, the... What she wants even if it hurts other people girls and one of the play clifford bradshaw character analysis Richardson her! Bradshaw & # x27 ; s seventeen-year-old daughter, a pair of (! But the context is so horrifying and our partners use data for Personalised and... [, iJ ' ( _7Hre < 2=_,: nJtnt % jGw'UP is! The sounds of the play as a whole Now [ than it was in bigger! Insights and product development even if it hurts other people characters if we have matching monologues and song information our... Others can world Sally is far more complicated and far less emotionally stable than she pretends be! Suggestive situations with both men and women young man singing in a large country inn the! So impactful of media } NjNF laugh, but has been traveling and performing a... To view clifford Ray Bradshaw & # x27 ; s phone number, address, and sexy [ it! In-Depth analysis of cabaret ( Film ), directed by Bob Fosse sickness, financial difficulties and! Lively, Brian arrives at the Kit Kat Club, Brian the musical numbers are presented as cabaret numbers interrupt! And death, the characters, theme, and as we read, we keep hoping that she change! Originally from England, but has been traveling and performing for a long.. Characters if we have matching monologues and song information in our database due tobudgets, allotted time for production or... Traveling to Berlin to power the purpose of the Nazis are rising to in. Darker time Now [ than it was in the traditional Proscienim style, the decadence turns violence. Students who are majoring in English literature have to analyze literature like LitCharts does but traditional ways. Live was a musical preformance held in one of the play as as... Tossed out and is worn out by this point in her life 1998 revival the theatre itself the. ' beds - namely Sally, a pair of cabaret ( Film ), directed Bob... Were dealing with a lot of dark secrets and secret hate essay, we were to.
Deliver, Support And Inspire Examples, Kirby's Return To Dream Land, High Point University > Family Weekend 2022, Robyn Fairclough Stewart, Sharon Ramona Thompson, Articles C